The second fifty years: A history of the American College Health Association.

Objective: On the occasion of the American College Health Association's (ACHA) 100th anniversary, this article seeks to explore the second fifty years of its organizational history, as well as many of the key historical moments in the field of American college health. Materials and methods: This article examines ACHA's second fifty years, decade-by-decade, in key thematic areas that have driven focus, innovation and change at both ACHA and the field of college health and well-being, including: Changes in ACHA Governance, Leadership and Organizational Structure; Clinical Care, Immunizations, Emergency Preparedness and Outbreak Response; Health Promotion: Moving from Health to Wellness to WellBeing; Mental Health: Stigma, Suicide and Access to Care; Nursing Practice and Nurse Certification; Using Education, Research, Data and Publications to Drive Change and Innovation; Advocacy for the Health of College Students and Our College Communities; Growth and Development of the American College Health Foundation; and Recognizing Quality of Care, Excellence and Outstanding Contributions to ACHA. Results: ACHA's second fifty years have provided an enormous volume of high-quality programs and services, used to further improve the health and well-being of college students. The narrative shows that the organization has indeed met its mission over the past fifty years. The article concludes with predictions of changes and advances at ACHA in the next decade. Conclusions: Since 1920, ACHA has served as the voice for college student health and well-being in the United States. ACHA's second fifty years is a remarkable story of hard work, vision and achievement by a large number of talented and committed college health professionals, students and colleagues across college campuses and in sister professional organizations.

[Human papillomaviruses vaccination: Vaccine intentions of parents of children aged 10 to 11s in Normandy schools after an information campaign during the 2015-2016 school year]. / Vaccination contre les papillomavirus humains : intentions vaccinales des parents d'élèves bas-normands après campagne d'information au cours de l'année scolaire 2015­2016.

BACKGROUND: In 2015, the vaccine against human Papillomavirus (hPV) was recommended in France for children from 11 to 14 years-old. This study assessed the knowledge of parents from Normandy about this vaccine and measured the impact of an information campaign on their intent to have their children vaccinated. METHODS: Parents from Normandy with children in sixth-grade class, aged 10 to 11, during the 2015-2016 school year were included. The secondary schools were selected in collaboration with academic institutions. The intent to have their child vaccinated was measured with a questionnaire distributed to children in April 2016 and collected from May to June 2016 by school nurses. RESULTS: Among the 16 selected secondary schools, 1428 questionnaires were distributed and 864 (60.5 %) were collected regardless of the gender of the child. Among the 439 girls, 85.9 % were not vaccinated against hPV. The intent to vaccinate was higher when the parent who responded was the mother (P<0.001). Among the parents who took note of the information booklet, 73.7 % found this information useful. There was a significant association between the knowledge about the vaccine against hPV and the intent to vaccinate (P<0.001). The percentage of vaccinated girls was significantly higher when their parents were informed (10.9 % versus 3.2 %). We noticed a significant rise of the intent to vaccinate children when information booklets were distributed (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The vaccination rate after specific information about vaccination against hPV was significantly higher. The information campaign has thus a significant positive impact.

State Hygiene School as a Department of Education in the National Institute of Hygiene in Warsaw

The article presents the history of the establishment of the State School of Hygiene (PSH) in Poland after the First World War. The difficulties faced by the public health service in a country destroyed by war and created after the reunification of the lands, which for over 150 years remained under the control of three powers, were pointed out. It discusses how the foundations of modern teaching in the field of public health were created in the National Institute of Hygiene (PZH) in Warsaw, an institution to which the Ministry of Public Health entrusted tasks related to health education in the country. The State School of Hygiene was built by the Polish Government with a significant financial contribution from the John Davison Rockefeller Foundation. The official opening ceremony took place on 20 April 1926. The State School of Hygiene in Warsaw was the first such school in Europe. It educated professional staff for the health service in Poland, especially sanitary physicians, sanitary inspectors, nurses and staff to work in health offices. The importance and scope of influence of the State School of Hygiene as the Department of Education in the National Institute of Hygiene was constantly increasing, as evidenced by the number of students (about 800 per year) participating in courses, especially in the first years after its establishment. By the end of 1935, 6,389 students had completed the courses, including 1,900 physicians. Apart from the teaching activities, the State School of Hygiene also carried out research work. The State School of Hygiene was supported by the Rockefeller Foundation, which funded scholarships for the employees of the National Institute of Hygiene at university centers in the USA

Desenvolvimento histórico da saúde na escola: marcos conceituais

Trata sobre como escolas dos sistema público de ensino têm representado historicamente um lócus importante para diversas práticas e vivências em saúde, presentes nas relações entre os sujeitos que convivem neste espaço. Diversos fatores determinantes das condições de saúde e doença podem ser problematizados e analisados no espaço da comunidade escolar

[The School Entry Health Examination: A Critical View of History and Status Quo.] / Die Schuleingangsuntersuchung: Ein kritischer Blick auf Historie und Status quo.

At the end of the 19th century, the school entrance medical examination of all school beginners was established in Germany. The focus was on exclusion of infectious diseases and illnesses that could make school attendance more difficult or worsen during the school visit. In the middle of the 20th century the concept of "school maturity" came to the foreground. Different "school maturity concepts" were applied but abandoned because they could not withstand an evaluation. Meanwhile, the concept of "school maturity" has been replaced by the concept of "school ability". The question no longer arises as to whether or not a child can be taught at school, but rather the assistance and support with which this can be achieved. Today, the school entrance medical check-up in nearly all the federal states includes, in addition to a medical history, an assessment of the precautionary and vaccination status, a visual and hearing test as well as assessment of the development of the child and his/her individual support requirements, especially in the field of cognition and language. In almost all German federal states, the school entrance examinations use up considerable resources of the pediatric and adolescent services in the public health departments. In the paper presented, this is critically discussed, and a discourse is suggested as to whether these resources could be used more effectively in terms of child health considering changed social conditions, such as the mandatory health checks in childhood in many federal states, the increase of immigrants from other countries, in particular asylum seekers, or the "Inclusion", i. e. with closure of special-needs schools and the associated challenges in the regular schools.

Early Measures for School Hygiene in Greece: Between Nationalism and Modernization (1890-1920).

Compared to other European and Balkan countries, the first institutions for the medical inspection of student health were established relatively late in Greece. Following several European and Balkan examples, Greek doctors and educators began an information campaign during the late 19th century to establish a School Medical Service. The Greek state's emerging interest in children's health was dependent upon a number of factors. Networks of experts played a considerable part in shaping a public discourse on childhood. National defeats generated a discourse that denounced the state's indifference to the degeneration of the younger generation. Finally, European paradigms may have influenced the establishment of the School Medical Service through the experiences gained abroad by doctors and high state officials.

[State school - polyclinic in Petrinja (1925-1945)] / Drzavna skolska poliklinika u Petrinji (1925. ­ 1945.)

What has been researched and reconstructed, based on archival documents and data from professional literature, is the activity of the State school-polyclinic in Petrinja, from its foundation in 1925 to its termination in 1945. Key figures taking part in its activity have also been highlighted. Founded as one of the first school-polyclinics in Croatia, the State school-polyclinic in Petrinja developed complete preventive and curative health activities aimed at school population in Petrinja as well as at pupils from the village schools in Petrinja County. These activities were based on carrying out thorough check-ups, giving school children vaccination, and taking other counter-epidemic measures, providing health and sanitary education, exercising sanitary supervision of schools and pupils' homes, implementing remedial measures in the field, taking extra care of socially handicapped children, providing regular diet and healthy meals for the poorest (who got prescription glasses for free, as well as medicines, fish-liver oil, who got their teeth filled, hair cut and were given the opportunity to recuperate in the youth holiday camps at the seaside and in the mountains.) The activities also encompassed the efficient treatment of the sick, among whom the various infectious and internist diseases (anaemia, undernourishment, struma, rickets) and dental caries were prevalent. Its twenty-year-old continuous activity aimed at providing school population with health care represents a successful synthesis of preventive and curative health principles based on progressive ideas of social medicine promoted by Andrija Stampar, who was a promoter and reformer of public health service in our regions. Due to being well-organized and the professional enthusiasm of its managers and staff, the State school-polyclinic in Petrinja efficiently promoted public hygiene and addressed the specific health needs of the school population. While promoting integral health care, maintaining and improving physical and mental health of children and youth in the schools in Petrinja and the other schools nearby, it raised the reputation of health care in Petrinja and contributed to the development of the Croatian school of medicine.

[70 years of school health in France: an old lady’s forgotten birthday]. / 70 ans de santé scolaire en France?: l’anniversaire oublié d’une vieille dame discrète.

School health in France has recently celebrated its 70th birthday. The authors review the last 70 years and the adjustments made by the various professionals in this field to adapt to political and institutional changes, whether or not these changes were designed to improve the health of infants and children. Changing governance does not facilitate the essential place of team work, especially between Ministry of Education doctors, nurses and social workers. Although these professionals regret the lack of publicity concerning the 70 years of school health, the continuing commitment of young school health professionals illustrates the real importance of health measures in school children and adolescents.

[SANITATION AND SCHOOL HYGIENE IN THE SCHOOL INSTITUTTIONS OF THE TOBOLSK PROVINCE IN THE LATE XIX CENTURY].

In the article there is considered the history of the development ofsanitary and hygienic standards in school institutions of Tobolsk province in the late XIX century. In comparative terms there is characterized the presented in that period the legal framework regulating of abidance by hygienic and sanitary standards in educational institutions. There was executed an careful analysis of hygienic conditions on the example of the Tobolsk male gymnasium with a comparison of similar conditions in another Siberian educational/childcare institution--the Yenisei female progymnasium. The main sources in the study were reports of educators: I. Gursky--about hygienic living conditions of the inmates of the Tobolsk gymnasium and P.M. Golovachev--about sanitary conditions in the Yenisei female gymnasium. Contemporaries paid a great attention to such health and safety standards as heating, ventilation, lighting, capacity of classrooms and boarding facilities, the violation of which led to a deterioration in the health of students and the growth of the epidemics in mention educational institutions.

Between the examination of children's bodies and the shaping of racial norms: aspects of the activities of the São Paulo State School Medical Inspection Service.

This article analyzes aspects of the activities of the School Medical Inspection Service, an agency created in 1911 under the São Paulo State Sanitary Service and transferred in 1916 to the Secretary of Public Instruction. It focuses, more specifically, on the practice of the individual examination of students with the purpose of understanding the motivations behind these practices, the role they played in establishing standards of normality and abnormality, as well as their underlying racial tenor. To this end, its sources are articles published in the periodical Imprensa Médica, works written by the agency's head physician, Balthazar Vieira de Mello, and the Anuários do ensino, the official publication of the General Board for Public Instruction.

Entre o exame do corpo infantil e a conformação da norma racial: aspectos da atuação da Inspeção Médica Escolar em São Paulo / Between the examination of children’ s bodies and the shaping of racial norms: aspects of the activities of the São Paulo State School Medical Inspection Service

Este artigo analisa aspectos da atuação da Inspeção Médica Escolar, órgão criado em 1911 como dependência do Serviço Sanitário de São Paulo e transferido em 1916 para a pasta da Instrução Pública. Detém-se, de modo mais específico, sobre as práticas de exame individual dos alunos, buscando compreender os propósitos a que responderam, seu papel na configuração de padrões de normalidade e anormalidade, bem como o componente racial que presidiu tais práticas. Para tanto, toma como fontes artigos publicados no periódico Imprensa Médica, obras escritas pelo médico-chefe do órgão, Balthazar Vieira de Mello, e os Anuários do Ensino, publicação oficial da Diretoria Geral da Instrução Pública.

This article analyzes aspects of the activities of the School Medical Inspection Service, an agency created in 1911 under the São Paulo State Sanitary Service and transferred in 1916 to the Secretary of Public Instruction. It focuses, more specifically, on the practice of the individual examination of students with the purpose of understanding the motivations behind these practices, the role they played in establishing standards of normality and abnormality, as well as their underlying racial tenor. To this end, its sources are articles published in the periodical Imprensa Médica, works written by the agency’s head physician, Balthazar Vieira de Mello, and the Anuários do ensino, the official publication of the General Board for Public Instruction.

School intervention related to school and community violence.

Schools are well positioned to facilitate recovery for students exposed to community or school violence or other traumatic life events affecting populations of youth. This article describes how schools can circumvent several key barriers to mental health service provision, outcomes that school interventions target, and the role of the family in school-based services. It includes a description of the history of schools in facilitating recovery for students exposed to traumatic events, particularly related to crisis intervention, and the current status of early intervention and strategies for long-term recovery in the school setting. Challenges and future directions are also discussed.

A radical proposition: the brief but exceptional history of the Seattle school clinic, 1914-21.

This article examines the history of the Seattle school clinic (1914-21) and the efforts of public school administrators to institutionalize a full-service medical program for poor and working class children. At its height, thirty-six volunteer physicians and thirteen partially paid dentists organized within nine departments performed a range of diagnostic and "corrective" surgical procedures, including tonsillectomies, circumcisions, and eye surgeries. These practices were not funded by other public school systems across the United States, almost all of which delineated between prevention and treatment services. This article explains the exceptional nature of the clinic, examines the institutional tensions instigated by the expression of medical authority within the schools, and considers how clinic technologies influenced state-school-child relations.

School-based health centers in an era of health care reform: building on history.

School-based health centers (SBHCs) provide a variety of health care services to youth in a convenient and accessible environment. Over the past 40 years, the growth of SBHCs evolved from various public health needs to the development of a specific collaborative model of care that is sensitive to the unique needs of children and youth, as well as to vulnerable populations facing significant barriers to access. The SBHC model of health care comprises of on-school site health care delivery by an interdisciplinary team of health professionals, which can include primary care and mental health clinicians. Research has demonstrated the SBHCs' impacts on delivering preventive care, such as immunizations; managing chronic illnesses, such as asthma, obesity, and mental health conditions; providing reproductive health services for adolescents; and even improving youths' academic performance. Although evaluation of the SBHC model of care has been complicated, results have thus far demonstrated increased access to care, improved health and education outcomes, and high levels of satisfaction. Despite their proven success, SBHCs have consistently faced challenges in securing adequate funding for operations and developing effective financial systems for billing and reimbursement. Implementation of health care reform (The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act [P.L. 111-148]) will profoundly affect the health care access and outcomes of children and youth, particularly vulnerable populations. The inclusion of funding for SBHCs in this legislation is momentous, as there continues to be increased demand and limited funding for affordable services. To better understand how this model of care has and could further help promote the health of our nation's youth, a review is presented of the history and growth of SBHCs and the literature demonstrating their impacts. It may not be feasible for SBHCs to be established in every school campus in the country. However, the lessons learned from the synergy of the health and school settings have major implications for the delivery of care for all providers concerned with improving the health and well-being of children and adolescents.

Reading, writing, and obesity: America's failing grade in school nutrition and physical education.

The childhood obesity epidemic has left healthcare professionals and laymen alike questioning the best strategy to improve children's health in the future. To effectively combat childhood obesity, we must have a thorough understanding of the establishment and development of programs currently responsible for pediatric health. This article explores the history of two influential programs affecting children's diet and physical activity levels in schools: the National School Lunch Program and physical education classes. It is revealed that the National School Lunch Program contributes to the overall school nutrition environment, including the presence of fast food and vending machines on campuses. The history of physical education is traced back to ancient Greece, and it is shown that the familiar sports-based curriculum is an advent of the 19th century, with the roots of physical education originating from the founders of preventive medicine. Select childhood obesity and health intervention studies are reviewed with a focus on identifying notable features pertaining to the effectiveness of these programs. Future directions and recommendations, based on the history of these programs as well as evidence from current pediatric health studies, outlining the basis for a modernized health-based physical education curriculum designed to address today's public health concerns, are further discussed.